Upland Hardwood Forests

(Note: An illustrated version of this web page is under construction)

Introduction

Upland hardwood forests, like the bottomland hardwoods, are among the oldest and most persistent types of ecosystem in Florida. While much of the original hardwood forest has disappeared, there are still over seven million acres in Florida today. However, these remaining forests are fragmented into scattered tree islands, or hammocks that are found mainly in North Central Florida.

While there are many similarities between upland and bottomland hardwood forests, each has its own distinctive characteristics. Upland hardwoods are located at higher elevations on sloped or rolling terrain. The environment is dryer than it is along the low-lying bottomlands. This means that although many of the same hardwood trees grow in both habitats, several different kinds of trees and shrubs grow well here. Upland hardwood habitats are considered xeric (dry) or sometimes mesic (moist), while bottomlands are mesic to hydric (wet). Like the bottomlands, upland hardwood forests are a diverse natural community that is affected by changes in weather, natural disturbances, and human activities.

General Characteristics of Upland Hardwood Forests

Upland hardwood forests are characterized by a distinct overstory of shade-tolerant, deciduous trees with an understory of woody shrubs and herbaceous groundcover plants. Occasionally some species of pines and evergreen hardwoods are mixed in with the deciduous species. Upland hardwoods are generally located on elevated, rolling terrain such as slopes and bluffs and frequently have a layer of limestone bedrock underneath deep, sandy, well-drained soil. The upper layers of soil have a coarse texture with finer-textured sand below. The coarse upper layer helps to trap moisture and nutrients while still allowing drainage of excess water. While these higher elevation forests are most often considered xeric, some upland hardwood forests are located on mid-level slopes and may be mesic, depending on the steepness of the slope and the availability of water.

Upland hardwood stands are often located near flatwoods or sandhill ecosystems. The hardwoods may have replaced earlier successional species in these adjacent ecosystems in areas where fire was suppressed.

The soil in upland forests is mainly sand, however, there may be deposits of clay and loam in the more northerly locations. These deposits are remnants of the Piedmont soils of Georgia and the Carolinas. As you go farther south along the peninsula less clay is found in the soil. Because these forests are located on higher elevation slopes the water table is deeper under the surface. Trees in this ecosystem tend to have deeper root systems in order to obtain water.

Trees of Upland Hardwood Forests

The overstory trees in upland hardwood forests are usually oaks such as post oak, white oak, laurel oak, and live oak. The understory may have a variety of hardwoods like black cherry, persimmon, and magnolia along with woody shrubs and flowering plants. Upland forests are known for their beautiful wildflower displays in the spring and summer months.

While upland hardwood forests all have some overstory and understory layers of vegetation, the forests in the north have a clearer distinction between the layers. The tree canopies are more closed so very little sunlight reaches the forest floor. This results in sparse groundcover. Hardwood forests that grow farther south along the peninsula have less distinct layering and a more open canopy so more light can filter down and produce a dense groundcover of grasses and forbs. Light-loving air plants (epiphytes), orchids, and resurrection ferns may be seen growing along the branches of the large oaks. One of the most familiar air plants is Spanish moss which hangs from the trees and gives them an almost eerie look. Large oak trees, draped in Spanish moss are one of the most characteristic sights in the deep South.

Upland hardwood forests are mainly located in north Florida and along the high ridges of the upper peninsula. The northern forests gradually blend into the Piedmont and Appalachian Mountains while the southern forests blend into tropical hardwood hammocks. The Tallahassee-Red Hills region of the Panhandle is home of the most extensive upland hardwood forests in Florida. Many of the species, such as American beech, found in the northern forests are common to the Appalachian Mountains and the Piedmont region but cannot survive in warmer, more southerly areas of the state.

Wildlife of the Upland Forests

Upland hardwood forests are known for their rich species diversity. These forests are able to support numerous animals by providing year-round food resources and shelter. Pollinating insects are attracted to the many flowering plants and trees which produce a variety of food choices including black cherries, persimmons, acorns, mistletoe berries, and numerous grains and seeds. Since the forests have overstory and understory plants some animals and birds use the upper branches of the trees while others live and forage in the shrubs and groundcover plants. Cavity-nesting birds like owls and woodpeckers make use of the large trees while ground-nesters live among the underbrush.

Many species of songbirds frequent upland hardwood trees and shrubs. Some are year-round residents while others use the forest during spring and fall migration. Resident birds are bluejays, bluebirds, mockingbirds, cardinals, wrens, doves, chickadees, towhees, owls, chuck-wills-widow, and woodpeckers. Cedar waxwings, great-crested flycatchers, and numerous warblers may be seen in the forest as they migrate during the spring and fall. Ground birds that use upland hardwood forests include bob-white quail and wild turkey. Reptiles that may be found in these habitats include several varieties of non-venomous snakes as well as the highly venomous Eastern diamondback rattlesnake and coral snake. Numerous lizards, skinks, and tree frogs live in the upland forests along with gopher tortoises, a threatened species.

Several mammals also live in upland forests. Among them are black bear, Florida panther, raccoon, opossum, grey squirrel, skunk, armadillo, cotton-tailed rabbit, pocket gopher, red fox, white-tailed deer, and coyote. The larger mammals may move between forests along wooded corridors while smaller animals burrow in the ground or live within the underbrush of the forest.

Some of the wildlife in upland hardwood forests are considered species of special concern because of their dwindling numbers. The indigo snake and Florida panther are examples of endangered species that use this habitat. Black bears, like the gopher tortoises, are considered a threatened species. Care must be taken to protect and preserve upland forest habitat in order to provide habitat for these animals.

Environmental Factors and Benefits of Upland Hardwood Forests

Upland hardwood forests are not fire-dependant. Natural lightning fires are rare in these habitats where the thick layers of leaf litter are able to trap moisture and retard high-intensity burning. The plants in these habitats also have fewer volatile oils than those found in flatwoods plants so they are less flammable. However, if a large fire does break out it may be devastating to the forest. These plants are not adapted to fire and sprouts of many of these shade tolerant species would be overtopped by faster-growing pioneer species after the fire. If the forests are opened enough, pines would be able to move in, replace the hardwoods, and alter the composition of the ecosystem.

High winds are generally a more frequent factor in upland forests than fire. The winds cull the trees of dead branches which fall to the ground and may pile up into brush piles. These often serve as refuge and nesting area for wildlife. Heavy rains sometimes saturate the Spanish moss that hangs from the trees. The added weight of the wet moss may cause branches to break and fall to the ground.

Upland hardwood forests are valuable for watershed protection and erosion control. The deep root systems of the trees help to stabilize the soil and prevent run-off of water and nutrients. Not only do many wildlife depend on upland hardwoods, including many threatened or endangered species, but the herbaceous groundcover is sometimes used as a high-quality forage for livestock. These beautiful forests are also a source of durable saw timber. However, the small size of most hardwood stands makes them of limited commercial timber value.

Human Impacts on Upland Hardwoods

One way that humans have impacted upland hardwood forests is by cutting down trees to build homes. Since upland forests are found on well-drained land and offer beautiful trees with shade and shelter from winds, these locations are popular as home sites. Many thousands of acres of hardwood forest have already been cut to make room for housing. Other areas have been cleared and used for agricultural purposes. Much land has been converted to commercial pine plantations or rangeland for livestock. Only fragmented hammocks of hardwoods still exist throughout Florida today.

Another impact that humans have had on upland forests is through the suppression of fire in wildlands. In the absence of fire, pyrogenic, or fire-dependant species are unable to regenerate. This allows hardwood trees to move in and eventually replace the early successional species such as pines. In areas where regular prescribed burning is done hardwood trees are not able to establish so the suppression of fire actually helps to generate hardwood habitat.

Currently there is a market for lumber from upland hardwood trees such as black cherry, white oak, southern red oak, and walnut. However, since upland hardwoods are usually found in relatively small stands the forests are not able to produce large quantities for commercial purposes. The value of these upland forests to wildlife is often greater than their value for commercial timber production.

Summary

Some of the most beautiful land in Florida is found in the upland hardwood forests. The picturesque moss-draped oak trees and gently rolling terrain offer a classic view of the original Florida. Wildlife thrive on the abundant fruits, nuts, seeds, and vegetation that grow year-round in upland hardwood habitats. In addition to benefiting wildlife, these forests help to protect watersheds and minimize erosion along slopes.

There is much variety between upland hardwood forests. The species of trees that grow in these habitats is different as one travels from north to south along the Florida peninsula. Some of the most serene parks and recreation areas in Florida are located in upland hardwood forests where visitors can enjoy pleasant walks along wooded trails and view the many species of trees, flowering plants, birds, and other wildlife that are found there. Many State recreation areas feature upland hardwood forests including Florida Caverns State Park, Dead Lakes State Recreation Area, Mike Roess Goldhead Branch State Park, Torreya State Park, Tosohatchee State Reserve, Faver-Dykes State Park, Silver River State Park, San Falasco Hammock State Preserve, Falling Waters State Recreation Area, Wakulla Springs State Park, and Highlands Hammock State Park.

Dominant Trees: · Laurel oak · Live oak · Pignut hickory · Post oak · Southern magnolia · Sweetgum · White oak

Associated Trees: · American basswood · American beech · American holly · Black cherry · Black walnut · Bluff oak · Cabbage palm · Camphor tree · Carolina laurelcherry · Chinaberry · Chinkapin · Eastern redcedar · Flowering dogwood · Fringetree · Hophornbeam · Live oak · Loblolly pine · Longleaf pine · Mimosa · Mockernut hickory · Pecan hickory · Persimmon · Pignut hickory · Redbud · Shumard oak · Southern red oak · Spruce pine · Sugarberry · Swamp chestnut oak · Sweetleaf · White ash · Winged elm · Yaupon holly

Companion Plants:

· Air potato

· Beautyberry

· Blackberry

· Bracken fern

· Broomsedge

· Cogongrass

· Coral ardisia

· Coralbean

· Deerberry

· Devil's walking stick

· Elderberry

· Japanese honeysuckle

· Kudzu

· Low panicums

· Peppervine

· Poison ivy

· Resurrection fern

· Shining sumac

· Smilax

· Spanish moss

· Sparkleberry

· Stinging nettle

· Trumpet creeper

· Wax myrtle

· Wild grape