Cynthia Olmstead, Mary Duryea, William Hubbard and Delaney Faircloth¹

1994, 1997
SS-FOR-8

Benefits of Forestry Assistance Programs

Forestry and stewardship assistance can provide individuals with opportunities to improve timber management practices, introduce additional forest management practices, increase the value, enhance the beauty, and improve the productivity of their forestland.

Recent studies have shown that active, on-site help from foresters can increase financial returns significantly when a forest is harvested. Studies have also shown that assistance can improve the quality of forestland in relation to many other resources.

A forester can help manage forestland by assisting in planning; advising as to forest management practices; providing information on forestry assistance programs, tax laws, and contracting services; and recommending multiple-use forestry opportunities.

Forestry assistance programs such as the Stewardship Incentive Program (SIP), Florida Reforestation Incentives Program (FRIP), Forestry Incentive Program (FIP), Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), and other landowner assistance programs can make forest management an affordable option. Landowners can contact their county forester or county extension agent for information on forestry assistance programs and opportunities.

Why Assistance?

Do you ever wonder whether the trees on your forestland could make you money? Would you like to establish a forest on your idle cropland? Have you ever considered managing for wildlife, recreation, or hunting? Do you have resources available on your forestland for multiple-use sources of income such as fee fishing, forest grazing, or pine-straw production? Do you know what current rules and regulations govern certain timber management practices?

Do some of these questions interest you? Then you need to know what kind of assistance can help you answer these questions: What is the best way to regenerate, harvest, or introduce management for wildlife, recreation, range or soil and water conservation?

If you are a landowner this publication may be helpful in providing information on ways to:

• Obtain financial assistance such as cost sharing and reimbursement for forestry practices and forest stewardship practices.
• Obtain technical assistance for developing management plans, and implementing forest management practices.
• Contact agencies, associations and individuals for more information.

How a Forester Can Help Meet Land Management Objectives

A forester can increase the value of a forest stand through such practices as timber-stand improvement (see Glossary) and long-term forest stewardship strategies. With a team of specialists, a forester can formulate a long-term management plan for your forestland (Figure 1 Below).

The plan includes your goals and objectives, and a timetable for managing timber, wildlife, recreation, range, soil and water and plans for assistance. A forester can inventory and evaluate your forest stand: its quantity and value of existing timber and other resources, and the production potential of the land itself for forest resource production. A forester can suggest practices that will deter damage to both soil and water quality, and thereby prolong the productivity of your forest stand.

Other services? Assistance in all phases of reforestation: site preparation, purchase of seedlings, planting, and survival evaluation (see Glossary). Professional assistance with reforestation can ensure the success of newly established forest stands. (For more information on reforestation, see Duryea and Edwards 1987). A forester can assist you in all phases of the harvest: timber marking (see Glossary), administering the sale, supervising the harvest, etc. A forester can insure that you receive the highest dollar returns for your timber, and that your land and remaining resources are not damaged in the process.

A forester is an excellent source for the most up-to-date information on how you may qualify for forestry assistance programs, how tax laws will affect you as a forestland owner, and the procedures of buying and selling land. A forester can show you ways to provide for non-timber returns from your forest stand: in the form of alternative sources of income or simply personal interests. Some multiple-use options are management for recreation, wildlife habitat, hunting leases, and fee fishing, forest grazing, firewood and pine-straw production.

Forestry Assistance is Essential to the Productivity of a Forest Stand

Recent studies have shown that professional forestry assistance (such as that provided by the Florida Division of Forestry [DOF]) positively affects the productivity of privately-owned forest stands (Hubbard and AN 1988; Cubbage, Skinner, and Risbrudt 1985). Hubbard and Abt's Florida study found that active on-site assistance increases returns to landowners of high valued stands (Figure 2 Below).

Similarly, the Cubbage, et al. study in Georgia found that landowners with Timber marked by state service foresters received significantly higher stumpage values (see Glossary) and had significantly larger residual softwood volume. (Assisted tracts had a net present value over $600 per acre higher than unassisted tracts, using a four percent discount rate.)

In effect, management of your forest stand by a forester may significantly increase your financial returns. Unmanaged stands are often unable to produce high-quality timber because of competition from undesirable species and overstocking of trees. Foresters can help improve or establish your forest stand, and also suggest multiple-use practices that can provide alternative sources of income to help offset forest management costs.

Using Available Assistance for Your Purposes

There are several programs available to Florida landowners specifically designed to alleviate costs associated with establishing and improving a forest stand. These programs offer reimbursement and/or cost-sharing for private landowners who wish to implement forest management practices (Figure 3).

Florida currently has three federal forestry and one private program that provide financial assistance for private landowners. The Stewardship Incentive Program (SIP), Forestry Incentives Program (FIP), and Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) are federal programs; the Florida Reforestation Incentive Program (FRIP) is privately sponsored. Other programs that may offer forestry assistance at reduced cost are landowner assistance programs sponsored by forest industries. Each will be discussed in detail in the next section.

FORESTRY ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

Each of the forestry assistance programs available to forestland owners in Florida has specific goals and guidelines for eligibility. If you are eligible, it could be extremely beneficial to participate in one or more of the programs, as most offer reimbursement (see Glossary) or cost-sharing of expenses incurred with forest management.

Table 1 is a summary of the requirements, assistance offered, and regulating agencies for each program. If you wish to obtain more information about these programs or would like to enroll your forest acreage in the programs, a list of contacts is located near the end of this information.

Please note: Forestry practices initiated without prior written approval by the Division of Forestry are not eligible for reimbursement or cost-sharing.

Florida Stewardship or Stewardship Incentive Program (SIP)

The Florida Forest Stewardship Program, initiated in 1989, encourages multiple-use management on the vast acreage of private nonindustrial forestlands of Florida. The program is designed to help Floridians manage their forestland for a variety of natural resource interests: timber production, wildlife management, recreation, livestock grazing, and soil and water conservation.

Stewardship is based upon the strategy of multiple-use land management. With the help of private and public natural resource professionals, a landowner develops a multiple-resource management plan designed to increase the forestland's economic value in a socially and environmentally responsible manner. Forest stewardship aims to maintain and maximize long-term forest productivity without sacrificing the ecology of the woodlands. Each management plan is designed to meet an individual landowner's specific needs and objectives.

Five agencies and organizations work together providing technical assistance and program implementation: Florida Division of Forestry (DOF); Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS); Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Cooperative Extension Service (IFAS-CES); Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission (FGFWFC); and the Florida Forestry Association (FFA). In addition, private natural resource consultants participate in the program operations.

Who is eligible? Any private, nonindustrial landowner with a minimum of 25 acres of forestland. Through the Stewardship Incentives Program (SIP), funds are available for up to 50 percent of the costs of some practices -- up to a maximum payment of $5,000 per year per owner. Cost-shared activities must be completed within 18 months. Landowners are expected to follow Best Management Practices and strive to maintain SIP implemented practices for at least ten years.

Forestry Stewardship and SIP Sign-Up

1. Landowner is nominated to any participating agency by: resource professionals, agency representatives, another landowner, or by self.
2. A forest management plan is developed with help from a team of natural resource professionals.
3. Landowner is enrolled in the Program by signing the "Forest Steward Landowner's Creed" which is a pledge to be faithful land steward.
4. Landowner receives technical assistance for development of a multiple-resource management plan and implements plan.
5. Forestland is inspected and approved by a Forest Stewardship team.
6. Landowner becomes a certified Forest Steward and receives a certificate, and a sign for the forestland.

Forestry Incentives Program (FIP)

The Forestry Incentives Program (FIP) was established to increase the nation's commercial timber (see Glossary) supply from non-industrial, private forestlands; by providing financial incentives for planting, natural regeneration (see Glossary), and timber stand improvement practices (USDA 1980). By doing this, the goal to "preserve and improve the environment" through sound land management would also be reached. This federal cost-share program is administered by county Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) offices.

Eligibility is limited to private individuals, groups, associations, and corporations with 10 to 1000 acres (up to 5000 acres with state NRCS waiver) of forestland. (Forest-product companies or public utility companies are ineligible.) The land must be suitable for forestation, reforestation, or improved forest management, and must be capable of producing commercial timber products (minimum productivity standards are established by Florida's DOF).

FIP cost-sharing (see Glossary) of 65 percent of costs per practice is available for planting, timber stand improvement, and site preparation for natural regeneration (see Glossary), up to $10,000 per fiscal year per applicant. An approved management plan is required, and landowners must observe established Best Management Practices. These management practices must be maintained for a minimum of 10 years (recapture clause, see Glossary).

Process for FIP Sign-Up

1. An eligible landowner applies for the FIP program at the local NRCS office. A county forester then inspects your acreage and affirms that you qualify for the practice, and that the practice is needed.
2. A forest management plan for the acreage applied for needs approval by the county forester, and a copy is provided to the NRCS office. The county forester can assist you in writing the forest management plan, ensuring that it will qualify for the cost-sharing program.
3. When the plan is approved, the county forester provides technical advice and refers you to other sources for technical forestry services for planting, site preparation, and timber stand improvement assistance.
4. Implementation of new practices may begin after receiving approval from the NRCS office.
5. The county forester will inspect the acreage to insure that the practice was completed satisfactorily, and the cost-share payments will then be processed by the NRCS office.

Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP)

The Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP) was a federal program that was the primary national soil conservation program for the past 50 years. Its main objective was established through incentives for better land-use management including: cost sharing for tree planting, site preparation for natural regeneration, and timber-stand improvement. ACP  also promoted increasing the nation's timber supply, and promoted land stewardship through the use of long-term forest management.  The 1996 Farm Bill combined ACP with three other conservation programs in the new Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP).

Unlike some other programs, ACP/EQIP has no minimum acreage requirement or forest management plan requirement for eligibility. Best Management Practices are required, and landowners must meet practice and performance standards established by DOF. The ten-year recapture clause mentioned with the FIP program also applies to ACP/EQIP. The maximum cost-share rate is 75 percent per practice, and the maximum earnings are $10,000 per fiscal year.

Procedures for ACP /EQIP Sign-Up

The procedures are similar to the HP program, and are administered by the NRCS and FSA.

Florida Reforestation Incentives Program (FRIP)

This program (funded through contributions from forest-products companies, related industries, and private sponsors) is sponsored by the Florida Forestry Association to encourage private landowners to plant trees.

The primary assistance offered is reimbursement for the cost of pine seedlings used in reforestation. Landowners can sign up at their county Farm Service Agency (FSA) office.

To qualify, the forestland must be owned by a private individual, group, association, or corporation and be a minimum of 10-acres in size. Forest-product industries or utility service organizations are ineligible. Landowners receiving Forestry Incentives Program (FIP), Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), or Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) payments are ineligible for FRIP for the same fiscal year within the same county.

An approved management plan or prescription is required for reimbursement. The maximum, current reimbursement is for 60,000 pine seedlings ordered from the Florida Division of Forestry. Only bareroot seedlings (see Glossary) of the following species apply: Improved (north Florida) Slash Pine, Loblolly Pine, Choctawhatchee Sand Pine, Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine, and Longleaf Pine. Delivery fees are not reimbursable; and reimbursement is not allowed for seedling orders placed prior to FRIP sign-up.

Process for FRIP Sign-Up

1. Landowners must first sign-up on a list at their county FSA office, then obtain and sign a Seedling Reimbursement Agreement.
2. The county forester will consult with each landowner following sign-up to ensure he or she meets the eligibility requirements.
3. If the landowner qualifies, a county forester inspects the acreage, verifying that there is a management plan or prescription for the acreage. If needed, the forester writes a management plan or prescription at no charge to the landowner.
4. The signed Seedling Reimbursement Agreement indicates a certification of need, and the forester assists the landowner in applying for seedlings.
5. After seedling delivery and planting, the county forester inspects the site, ensuring it meets satisfactory planting requirements. Then the forester certifies the compliance portion of the Seedling Reimbursement agreement.
6. Reimbursements will be processed in sign-up order chronologically; it may be six to eight weeks following planting before the landowner receives the check.

Industry Assistance Programs

Forest-products companies also offer forestry management assistance programs to landowners. Benefits of may include: free seedlings, technical assistance at a reduced cost, and long-term forest management planning. Costs of these assistance programs vary, some are offered at little or no cost to the landowner. However, restrictions such as the "right of first refusal" (see Glossary) on timber sales, a minimum tract size, or a maximum distance from the mill may apply (Cubbage and Hodges 1986). For more information concerning forest industry landowner assistance programs, contact your local DOF office, the Florida Forestry Association or the Forest Farmers Association; (see reference list for addresses).

INDIVIDUAL, AGENCY, AND OTHER FORESTRY ASSISTANCE

Table 2 briefly summarizes the forestry assistance offered by individuals, agencies, and other sources.

Individuals Offering Forestry Assistance

County Forester

Foresters with the DOF provide information and technical assistance to landowners. A county forester can help you write a management plan; provide information about assistance programs, tax laws, and contracts; and recommend technical services for tree planting, timber stand improvement, and harvesting. The forester also knows how to get you involved in the Forest Stewardship Program. DOF foresters are limited to three days of technical assistance per landowner per year.

County Extension

Agent County extension agents with the Cooperative Extension Service are forestry and agricultural experts who hold education programs for landowners; provide forestry publications; and refer landowners to other forestry-related services and agencies.

Forestry Extension Specialists

These specialists at the University of Florida transfer forestry research results and information; hold educational programs for foresters, county agents, and landowners; and research important forestry questions.

Consulting Forester

Consulting foresters provide technical advice and assistance in all phases of forest management for a specified fee or under contract. Although consultants generally have a broad knowledge of forestry practices, most tend to specialize in one area of forest management. Remember to check the consultant's credentials and make sure that at least one degree is in a forestry-related field. It would be beneficial to "shop around" for the consultant who can best meet your forest management needs. Names of individual consultants, consulting firms, and forest-industry consultants are available through your county forester.

Individual consultants and consulting firms are available for every aspect of forest management, and provide excellent on-site technical forestry assistance. In addition, consultants are aware of changing market conditions, and can provide management plans to maximize financial returns and multiple-use benefits from your forestland. Costs for services is usually on an hourly or daily basis (Cubbage and Hodges 1986). The DOF or the Association of Consulting Foresters can recommend qualified private consultants for your individual needs.

Industry consultants are available for the same range of services, and often, are provided through industry-sponsored landowner assistance programs (see above).

Agencies Offering Forestry Assistance

Florida Division of Forestry (DOF)

This is the state forestry agency within the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. DOF employs county foresters who aid landowners, and help administer programs such as the Forest Stewardship's SIP Program, FRIP, FIP, and ACP. County offices provide landowners with information, technical advice and assistance, and recommendations for technical services. State nurseries provide planting stock for reforestation. To contact the DOF office in your county, look under the blue "Government Offices-state" section in your phone directory. DOF is listed under the "Agriculture and Consumer Services" column of these blue pages.

Farm Service Agency (FSA)

This is the primary agency for administering SIP, FIP, ACP, and FRIP funds. Local FSA offices are the sign-up locations for these forestry assistance programs. These offices can also refer you to other agencies for specific forest management assistance. To contact the FSA office in your county, look under the blue "Government Offices-U.S." section in your phone directory. FSA is listed under the "Agriculture-Dept of" column of this section.

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)

Provides assistance to landowners for forest stewardship, conservation planning, and tree planting activities associated with forestry assistance programs. To contact the NRCS office in your county, look under the blue "Government Offices-U.S." section in your phone directory. The NRCS is listed under the "Agriculture Dept of" column.

Cooperative Extension Service (CES)

The state extension service employs county extension agents who provide information, workshops, educational programs, research and extension publications to the public. Every stewardship team has a county agent involved. To contact the CES office in your county, look under the blue "Government Offices-County" section in your phone directory. CES is listed under this heading.

Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission (FGFWFC)

Wildlife biologists on the stewardship team determine what management practices would meet landowners' objectives. They provide technical assistance and information on current environmental regulations in regard to wildlife management. To contact the FGFWFC office in your county, look under the blue "Government Offices-U.S." section in your phone directory. FGFWFC is listed under the "Agriculture-Dept of" column of this section.

Other Sources Offering Forestry Assistance

University of School of Forest Resources and Conservation

The department has research, education, and extension programs in forestry and wildlife. Forestry Extension Specialists provide a link transferring research results for application on forestland. "The Florida Forest Steward" and "Timber Times" offer current information and management tips for landowners. To receive these publications or to find out more information on forest and wildlife management, undergraduate education, and extension and assistance programs, contact:

Forestry Extension Office
School of Forest Resources and Conservation
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611
Telephone: (352)-846-0849

Society of American Foresters (SAF)

Membership is open to foresters, allied professionals, and forest technicians. Several magazines are available by subscription. Each month the Journal of Forestry reports major developments in forest policy and forestry news. Forest Science publishes the most significant findings and advances in forest research. Three quarterly publications - Northern Journal of Applied Forestry, Southern Journal of Applied Forestry, and Western Journal of Applied Forestry-present practical forestry on a regional basis. Within the society, state sections hold annual or semiannual meetings, which nonmembers are welcome to attend. The national SAF address is :

Society of American Foresters
5400 Grosvenor Lane
Bethesda, MD 20814-2198
Telephone:(301) 897-8720

Florida Forestry Association (FFA)

FFA is a not-for-profit association serving the forestry community in Florida. FFA's primary responsibilities include providing information to its members, lobbying on various forestry environmental issues, and publishing the "Pines and Needles" newsletters and Annual Meeting Magazine's Membership Directory. FFA also administers the FRIP program in conjunction with the DOF, NRCS, and FSA. For more information, contact:

Florida Forestry Association
P.O. Box 1696 402 E. Jefferson Street
Tallahassee, FL 32302
Telephone (850) 222-5646

American Forests

A national organization open to all interested individuals that publishes "American Forests" magazine, and serves as a "national voice for people concerned with forests and forestry" (SAF 1987). For more information, contact:

American Forests
P.O. Box 2000
Washington, DC 20013
Telephone (202) 667-3300

Association of Consulting Foresters (ACF)

ACF is a national association, incorporated in 1948, whose qualifying membership requirements include a degree and no less than five years experience in forestry; adherence to an established code of ethics; and continuing education. ACF will assist landowners in finding qualified consultants in their area. For more information, contact:

Association of Consulting Foresters
5410 Grosvenor Lane
Bethesda, MD 20814

SUMMARY

Professional forestry and stewardship assistance is essential to forestland owners in Florida. Both the abundance of public and private foresters, and the numerous forestry assistance, programs available, are factors that make managing forestlands easier for the private owner. The Forest Stewardship Program offers forestland owners the opportunity to maximize the benefits from their land.

If you are interested in receiving some type of forestry assistance, or need advice about forest management practices, please contact one of the individual or agency sources listed in this publication.

ADDITIONAL READING

The following publications are available through the Department of Forestry Extension Office, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Gainesville, Florida 32611 (Telephone: (352) 846-0849).

Duryea, M. L. 1987. Forest regeneration methods: Natural regeneration, direct seeding, and planting. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. Circular 759. 10 pp.

Duryea, M.L. (editor) 1988. Alternative enterprises for your forest land: Forest grazing, Christmas trees, hunting leases, pine straw, fee fishing, and firewood. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida, Circular 810. 30 pp.

Duryea, M. L. 1990. Becoming a Forest Steward in Florida. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. 2 pp.

Duryea, M. L. and J. C. Edwards. 1987. Planting southern pines. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. Circular 767. 14 pp.

Duryea, M. L. and J. C. Edwards. 1989. Pine-straw management in Florida's forests. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida, Circular 831. 6 pp.

Duryea, M. L., W. G. Hubbard, D. McGrath, and C. Marcus. 1992. Florida's Forest Stewardship Program: An Opportunity to Manage Your Land for Now and the Future. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida, Circular 1020. 29 pp.

Hubbard, W.G., R.C. Abt, and M.L. Duryea. 1989. Is your forest-resource enterprise profitable? IFAS, University of Florida. Circular. 8 pp.

Hubbard, W.G. and D. Faircloth. 1993, Recreation Options for Your Forestland. IFAS, University of Florida. SS-FOR-4. 8 pp.

Hubbard, W.G., and C. Marcus. 1993. The Stewardship Incentives Program for Forest Land Owners (SIP). Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. SS-FOR-2. 4 pp.

Jack, S., K. Munson, and D. Flinchum. 1984. Site preparation: alternatives for plantation establishment. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. Forest Resources and Conservation Fact Sheet FRC-37. 4 pp.

Marion, W.R. and J.A. Hovis. 1985. Developing a hunting lease in Florida. Florida Cooperative Extension Service. IFAS Wildlife and Range Sciences Fact Sheet WRS- 1. University of Florida, Gainesville.3 pp.

Munson, K.R. 1984. Forest soils of Florida: Useful groupings for forestry purposes. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, Forest Resources and Conservation Fact Sheet, FRC-33. University of Florida, Gainesville. 4 pp.

Tanner, G.W. Developing a grazing lease in Florida. Cooperative Extension Service. IFAS Wildlife and Range Sciences Fact Sheet FRC-31. University of Florida, Gainesville. 4 pp.

GLOSSARY

Forestry assistance program definitions

Commercial Timber:

timber that can be sold and processed by wood, and pulp and paper industries.

Cost-Share Program:

refers to programs (SIP, ACP, and FIP) in which the government "shares" the cost of certain forest management practices. Eligible landowners can have 50 to 65 percent of their costs paid for through these programs.

Reimbursement:

refers to the full repayment of funds used for seedling costs (FRIP), after Seedling Reimbursement Agreement has been certified.

Recapture Clause:

refers to the program restriction that forest management practices must be maintained for a minimum of ten years, or the landowner will be in violation of the program contract and must repay all cost-shares.

Right of First Refusal:

the opportunity (in a timber sale) for the operating company to meet any sale price offered by a competitor (Cubbage et al. 1986).

Soil Tolerance Level:

the level of soil loss that may occur and still permit a high level of crop productivity to be obtained economically and indefinitely (USDA 1987).

Definitions of some forestry terms
(Adapted from Terminology of Forest Science, Technology, Practice, and Products, SAF 1983).

Bare-root seedling:

a seedling to be planted with its roots bare of soil.

Natural Regeneration:

renewal of a forest by natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering (does not include planting, which is called artificial regeneration).

Stumpage value:

the value of timber in an uncut forest in terms of a dollar amount per cubic unit.

Timber Marking:

the selection and marking (with paint) of trees to be felled or retained during harvest.

Site Preparation:

a mechanical, fire, chemical, or hand treatment that modifies the site to provide favorable conditions for natural or artificial regeneration.

Timber Stand Improvement:

describes practices that improve the condition of the forest (for example, fertilization and thinning).

LITERATURE CITED

Cubbage, Frederick W., Thomas M. Skinner, and Christopher D. Risbrudt. 1985. An economic evaluation of the Georgia Rural Forestry Assistance Program. Research Bulletin 322. University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Station, 59 pp.

Cubbage, Frederick W., and Donald G. Hodges. 1986. Public and private technical assistance programs for nonindustrial private forest landowners in the southern United States. Silva Fennica 20(4): 376-384.

Duryea, Mary L., and James C. Edwards. 1987. Planting southern pines. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. Circ. 767. 14 pp.

Duryea, M. L., W. G. Hubbard, D. McGrath, and C. Marcus. 1992. Florida's Forest Stewardship Program: An Opportunity to Manage Your Land for Now and the Future. Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida, Circ. 1020. 29 pp.

Gunter, John E., and Lee Ogden. 1989. Government programs that benefit timberland owners. Forest Farmer 48(5): 44-46.

Hubbard, W. G., and C. Marcus. 1993. The Stewardship Incentives Program for Forest Land Owners (SIP) Florida Cooperative Extension Service, IFAS, University of Florida. SS-FOR-2.

Hubbard, William G., and Robert C. Abt. 1989. The effect of timber sale assistance on returns to landowners. Resource Management and Optimization 6(3): 225-234.

Society of American Foresters. 1987. You need a forester. SAF. 8 pp.

Society of American Foresters. 1983. Terminology of forest science, technology, practice and products. SAF. Washington, DC. 370 pp.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1980. Forestry incentives program for the forest landowner.

United States Department of Agriculture. 1987. Appendix to form CRP-1, Conservation Reserve Program contract. Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service. 10 pp.

' Recent Ph.D. Graduate, Extension Specialists and Extension Assistant, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Florida Cooperative Extension Service * Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences * University of Florida, Gainesville * Christine T. Waddill, Dean

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